Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Almost all cases are caused by long-lasting infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). With HPV vaccination and regular screening, most cervical cancers can be prevented or caught at a very early, highly treatable stage.
How HPV causes cervical cancer
HPV is a very common virus spread through sexual skin-to-skin contact. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some point, and in most cases the immune system clears it within one to two years without any problems. When a high-risk type, such as HPV 16 or 18, persists for years, it can cause abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix. Over time, usually 10 years or more, some of these changes can develop into cancer. That long timeline is why screening works so well.
HPV can also cause cancers of the throat, anus, penis, vulva and vagina, and genital warts.
The HPV vaccine
The HPV vaccine protects against the HPV types that cause most cervical cancers and genital warts. It works best when given before any exposure to the virus, which is why it is recommended in childhood.
| Topic | Current U.S. guidance |
|---|---|
| Routine age | Recommended for all children, usually at 11–12; can be started from age 9 |
| Number of doses for children | One dose under the federal schedule updated on January 5, 2026 (previously two or three doses depending on age) |
| Older teens and young adults | Catch-up vaccination has long been recommended through age 26; ask your doctor what applies now |
| Adults 27–45 | Not routinely recommended, but some adults may benefit after discussing it with a doctor |
The move to a single dose was part of a broader revision of the federal childhood vaccine schedule. Some medical organizations and many states use their own recommendations, which may still include more than one dose, so ask your child’s doctor which schedule they follow. Insurers have said they will continue to cover vaccines recommended under the previous schedule through the end of 2026.
Countries with high vaccination rates have seen dramatic drops in HPV infections and precancerous cervical changes, and studies show large reductions in cervical cancer among women vaccinated as teenagers. The vaccine is very safe; the most common side effects are a sore arm and occasionally fainting, which is why people are asked to sit for 15 minutes afterward.
Vaccinated women still need regular screening, because the vaccine does not protect against every cancer-causing HPV type.
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Screening: Pap and HPV tests
Screening finds abnormal cells before they become cancer. Current U.S. recommendations for people with a cervix at average risk:
| Age | Screening |
|---|---|
| Under 21 | No screening |
| 21–29 | Pap test every 3 years |
| 30–65 | HPV test every 5 years, Pap test every 3 years, or both together every 5 years |
| Over 65 | Stop if previous screening has been adequate and normal, and not at high risk |
Self-collected HPV testing is now an FDA-approved option in some settings, allowing people to collect their own vaginal sample, and an at-home collection kit has also been approved. This can make screening easier for those who avoid pelvic exams.
People with a weakened immune system, such as from HIV or an organ transplant, or with a history of high-grade changes, may need more frequent screening.
What abnormal results mean
An abnormal result does not mean you have cancer. Most abnormal results show minor changes or HPV infection that clears on its own. Depending on the result, your doctor may recommend:
- Repeat testing in a year
- Colposcopy, a closer look at the cervix with a magnifying instrument, often with a small biopsy
- Treatment of precancerous areas, usually with a quick outpatient procedure such as LEEP, which removes abnormal tissue
These treatments are very effective at preventing cancer.
Symptoms of cervical cancer
Early cervical cancer usually has no symptoms, which is why screening is essential. Later symptoms may include:
- Bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge, sometimes with an odor
- Pelvic pain or pain during sex
See a doctor about any abnormal bleeding, even if your last screening was normal.
Other ways to lower your risk
- Do not smoke. Smoking makes it harder for the body to clear HPV.
- Use condoms, which reduce but do not eliminate HPV transmission.
- Keep up with screening, even after vaccination and even if you are in a long-term relationship.
Insurance coverage
Under the Affordable Care Act, most private plans cover recommended cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination without cost-sharing when you use an in-network provider. Medicare covers Pap tests and pelvic exams every 24 months for most beneficiaries, or every 12 months for those at high risk. Check with your plan about coverage for any additional vaccine doses beyond the federal schedule.
The bottom line
Cervical cancer is largely preventable. Get children vaccinated against HPV at 11 or 12, ask about catch-up vaccination for older teens and young adults, and follow the screening schedule from age 21. Abnormal results are common and usually treatable long before cancer develops.
This article is for general information and does not replace medical advice.